β-cyclodextrin derivatives as antibacterial agents

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a new class of antibiotics to which pathogenic bacteria have not been exposed, and thus should not have developed resistance. This new class of antibiotics are derivatives of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which is a cyclic molecule comprising seven D-glucose units.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/647,841, filed on Jan. 28, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to development of new antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria.

2. Summary of the Related Art

Numerous bacteria are known to cause diseases in humans. Among these bacteria are Enterococcus faecium, Eschericia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus atrophaeus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Bacillus anthrasis, and many others. A disturbing recent trend has been the development of resistance to existing antibiotics in numerous pathogenic bacteria. There is, therefore, a need for new antibiotics for which resistance has not yet emerged. Preferably, such antibiotics should be members of a new class of antibiotics, thus making evolutionary resistance to these antibiotics more difficult.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a new class of antibiotics to which pathogenic bacteria have not been exposed, and thus should not have developed resistance. This new class of antibiotics are derivatives of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which is a cyclic molecule comprising seven D-glucose units.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, O-lower alkyl, OMe, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, O-lower alkyl, OMe, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10.

In a second aspect the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions comprise one or more members of the compounds disclosed in the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a third aspect, the invention provides methods for using a compound or compounds having the formula:

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, O-lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10, and wherein _(m) is from about 1 to about 15, preferable from about 1 to about 10, as antimicrobial agents. In one embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the growth of a bacterium. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a bacterial infection. In a further embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing a bacterial infection.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides methods for potentiating the activity of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of a bacterium which are resistant to clinically used antibiotics, to treat or prevent an infection by these bacteria.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention relates to development of new antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. The invention provides a new class of antibiotics to which pathogenic bacteria have not been exposed, and thus should not have developed resistance. This new class of antibiotics are derivatives of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which is a cyclic molecule comprising seven D-glucose units.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, O-lower alkyl, OMe, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, O-lower alkyl, OMe, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10.

In a second aspect the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions. These compositions comprise one or more members of the compounds disclosed in the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

As used herein, the term “physiologically acceptable” refers to a material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the compounds of the first or third aspects of the invention and is compatible with a biological system such as a cell, cell culture, tissue, or organism. In certain embodiments, the biological system is a living organism, such as a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human.

As used herein, the term “carrier” encompasses any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, or other material well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations. It will be understood that the characteristics of the carrier, excipient, or diluent will depend on the route of administration for a particular application. The preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable formulations containing these materials is described in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, ed. A. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, ISBN: 0-912734-04-3.

In a third aspect, the invention provides methods for using a compound or compounds of the first and second aspects of the invention as antimicrobial agents. In one embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides a method for inhibiting the growth of a bacterium. The method according to this embodiment of the invention comprises contacting the bacteria with one or more members of a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, O-lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10, and wherein _(m) is from about 1 to about 15, preferable from about 1 to about 10.

For purposes of the invention, the term “lower alkyl” means an alkyl group from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The terms “alkyl” and “aryl” include alkyl or aryl groups which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferred substitutions include, without limitation, substitution with nitrogen containing moieties, including amino groups, which may be mono or disubstituted, preferably with alkyl or aryl groups. Also, for purposes of the invention the term “alkyl” includes chains of 1-7 atoms with one or more nitrogen atoms and the remainder carbon atoms.

In a further embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides methods for treating a bacterial infection. The method according to this embodiment of the invention comprises administering to a mammal with a bacterial infection one or more members of a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, O-lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10, and wherein _(m) is from about 1 to about 15, preferable from about 1 to about 10.

For purposes of the invention, the term “lower alkyl” means an alkyl group from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The terms “alkyl” and “aryl” include alkyl or aryl groups which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferred substitutions include, without limitation, substitution with nitrogen containing moieties, including amino groups, which may be mono or disubstituted, preferably with alkyl or aryl groups. Also, for purposes of the invention the term “alkyl” includes chains of 1-7 atoms with one or more nitrogen atoms and the remainder carbon atoms.

In a further embodiment of this aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing a bacterial infection. The method according to this embodiment of the invention comprises administering to a mammal susceptible to a bacterial infection one or more members of a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, O-lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10, and wherein _(m) is from about 1 to about 15, preferable from about 1 to about 10.

For purposes of the invention, the term “lower alkyl” means an alkyl group from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The terms “alkyl” and “aryl” include alkyl or aryl groups which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferred substitutions include, without limitation, substitution with nitrogen containing moieties, including amino groups, which may be mono or disubstituted, preferably with alkyl or aryl groups. Also, for purposes of the invention the term “alkyl” includes chains of 1-7 atoms with one or more nitrogen atoms and the remainder carbon atoms.

In the methods according to this aspect of the invention the bacteria is in a mammal. Preferably, the mammal is a human.

In the methods according to this aspect of the invention, administration of the compound can be by any suitable route, including, without limitation, parenteral, oral, sublingual, transdermal, topical, intranasal, aerosol, intraocular, intratracheal, intrarectal or vaginal. Administration of the therapeutic compositions can be carried out using known procedures at dosages and for periods of time effective to reduce symptoms or surrogate markers of the infection. A doctor can determine the appropriate dose to administer or therapeutic protocol useful for preventing or preventing a bacterial infection. It may be desirable to administer simultaneously, or sequentially a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the therapeutic compositions of the invention to an individual as a single treatment episode.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides methods for potentiating the activity of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of a bacterium which are resistant to clinically used antibiotics, to treat or prevent an infection by these bacteria. The methods according to this aspect of the invention comprise contacting the bacterium with said antibiotic and one or more members of a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OMe, O-lower alkyl, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, O-lower alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O, and wherein _(n) is from about 1 to about 15, preferably from about 1 to about 10, and wherein _(m) is from about 1 to about 15, preferable from about 1 to about 10.

For purposes of the invention, the term “lower alkyl” means an alkyl group from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. The terms “alkyl” and “aryl” include alkyl or aryl groups which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferred substitutions include, without limitation, substitution with nitrogen containing moieties, including amino groups, which may be mono or disubstituted, preferably with alkyl or aryl groups. Also, for purposes of the invention the term “alkyl” includes chains of 1-7 atoms with one or more nitrogen atoms and the remainder carbon atoms.

For purposes of the invention, the term “resistant” or “resistance” to a bacterium or bacterial infection to an antibiotic includes a complete resistance to the antibiotic or a partial resistance which is defined herein as a circumstance in which the MIC of an antibiotic toward the organism in question has increased.

For purposes herein, potentiation may be defined as a circumstance in which a compound substantially lowers the MIC of an antibacterial agent toward one or more organisms. It includes the case in which it effectively restores the therapeutic utility of an antibacterial agent whose utility has been compromised by bacterial resistance.

In any of the methods according to the invention, one or more members of compounds of the invention can be administered in combination with any other antibiotic useful for treating the disease or condition that does not diminish the antimicrobial effect of the compound. For purposes of this aspect of the invention, the term “in combination with” means in the course of treating the same disease in the same patient, and includes administering the compound and an antibiotic in any order, including simultaneous administration, as well as any temporally spaced order, for example, from sequentially with one immediately following the other to up to several days apart. Such combination treatment may also include more than a single administration of the compound, and independently the antibiotic. The administration of the compound and antibiotic may be by the same or different routes.

In the methods according to this aspect of the invention the bacteria is in a mammal. Preferably, the mammal is a human.

In the methods according to this aspect of the invention, administration of the compound can be by any suitable route, including, without limitation, parenteral, oral, sublingual, transdermal, topical, intranasal, aerosol, intraocular, intratracheal, intrarectal or vaginal. Administration of the therapeutic compositions can be carried out using known procedures at dosages and for periods of time effective to reduce symptoms or surrogate markers of the infection. A doctor can determine the appropriate dose to administer or therapeutic protocol useful for preventing or preventing a bacterial infection. It may be desirable to administer simultaneously, or sequentially a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the therapeutic compositions of the invention to an individual as a single treatment episode.

In certain aspects of the methods according to the invention, it is desirable to have antibiotics with a relatively broad spectrum, so that a variety of different bacterial infection can be treated. In other aspects, such as protection against bioterrorism, it may be desirable to have antibiotics with a narrow spectrum, specific for likely bioterrorism organisms, so that protection from the bacteria may be obtained while preserving the normal flora in the body. The invention provides methods for achieving each of these goals.

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certain particularly preferred embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Bacterial Growth Standardization

One to three colonies of bacteria were picked from an Mueller-Hinton or Brain Heart infusion agar plate (depending on the bacterial strain) and transferred to 3 ml Mueller-Hinton broth or Brain Heart infusion media (depending on the bacterial strain). Bacteria were allowed to grow for 2-4 hours in an incubator at 37° C. Bacteria-inoculated media were dispersed in 0.9% saline to match McFarland standard density. 100 μl standardized inoculation was added to 20 ml media (dilution 1). 10 μl of the new dilution was added to 990 μl media and mixed (dilution 2). 10 μl of dilution 2 was spread on an agar plate and allowed to grow overnight. Colonies were then plated.

EXAMPLE 2 Bacterial Panel Testing

Test compound was diluted to 10 μg/ml in dimethylsulfoxide. Four μl of diluted test compound was loaded into column 2 of a 96 well NUNC microplate, as shown in Table 1 below. Four μl of Rifampicin antibiotic was loaded into row H, column 2.

TABLE 1 96 well NUNC microplate set-up, Concentration in μg/ml 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 B 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 C 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 D 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 E 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 F 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 G 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 H 0 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 3.12 1.56 0.78 0.39 0.20 rifampicin All wells were then filled with 100 μl of inoculated media (dilution 1 from Example 1). A further 100 μl of the inoculated media was then added to column 2 and the contents are pipetted to thoroughly mix the contents. A full 100 μl was then transferred from column 2 and mixed into column 3. This process was continued from left to right until columns 2-12 were serially diluted, and the final draw from column 12 was discarded. The plates were covered with 3M sealing tape (plates containing Enterococcus faecium were sealed with Air Pore sealing tape) and allowed to grow for 20-24 hours. Cytotoxic wells (clear wells) are then scored and the potency of the compound was determined. The results are shown in Table 2 below. These results show that while some compounds were inactive, others demonstrated either broad spectrum or narrow spectrum activity.

TABLE 2 Activity of test compounds (MICs in μg/mL) Mammalian Cytotoxicity* Compound PA SA SC EC BA EF IC50 (μg/mL)

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5000

6.25-3.12 >200 >200 200-100 100-50  >200 720 PP5001

>200 >200 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 >200 829 PP5002

>200 >200 >200 100-50  3.12-1.56 >200 191 PP5003

>200 >200 >200 >200 1.56-0.78 >200 198 PP5004

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 690 PP5005

>200 >200 >200 >200 50-25 >200 215 PP5006

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 >2000 PP5007

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 510 PP5008

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 755 PP5009

>200 100-50  >200 >200 200-100 >200 780 PP5010

>200 3.12-1.56 50-25   25-12.5 1.56-0.78 50-25 840 PP5011

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 193 PP5012

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 144 PP5013

>200 >200 >200 >200 <0.2 >200 PP5014

>200 50-25 >200 >200 100-50  >200 2116 PP5015

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5016

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5017

>200 >200 >200 >200 100-50  >200 PP5018

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 524 PP5019

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5020

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5021

>200 >200 >200 >200 50-25 >200 PP5026

>200 >200   25-12.5 50-25 1.56-0.78 >200 321 PP5027

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 2990 PP5028

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5029

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5030

>200 >200 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 >200 PP5031

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5032

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5033

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 480 PP5035

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5036

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5037

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5038

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5039

>200 >200 100-50  50-25   25-12.5 >200 PP5040

100-50  >200 >200 >200 50-25 >200 860 PP5041

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5042

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5043

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5044

>200 200-100 100-50  200-100 12.5-6.25 — PP5046

>200 >200 >200 >200 50-25 — PP5047

>200 50-25 100-50  >200 6.25-3.12 — PP5048

>200 >200 >200 >200 100-50  PP5049

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5050

>200 >200 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 >200 PP5051

>200 >200 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 PP5052

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5053

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5054

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5055

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5056

200-100 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5057

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5058

>200 >200 >200 >200 100-50  >200 PP5059

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5060

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5061

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5062

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5063

>200 200-100 100-50  200-100 100-50  >200 PP5064

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5065

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5066

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5067

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5068

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5069

>200 3.12-1.56   25-12.5 12.5-6.25 1.56-0.78 6.25-3.12 43 PP5070

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5071

>200 6.25-3.12 200-100 100-50  1.56-0.78 6.25-3.12 127 PP5072

>200 3.12-1.56 50-25 50-25 1.56-0.78 6.35-3.12 129 PP5073

>200 6.25-3.12 50-25 100-50  6.25-3.12 6.25-3.12 123 PP5074

>200 100-50  >200 >200 50-25 200-100 PP5075

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 6.25-3.12 12.5-6.25 398 PP5076

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5077

>200 >200 >200 >200 100-50  >200 PP5078

>200   25-12.5 >200 >200 12.5-6.25   25-12.5 317 PP5079

>200 >200 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 50-25 PP5080

>200 200-100 >200 >200 50-25 >200 PP5084

>200 12.5-6.25 200-100 >200 6.25-3.12 >200 PP5085

>200 50-25 >200 >200 50-25 100-50  PP5086

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5087

>200 200-100 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5088

>200 200-100 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5089

>200 6.25-3.12 >200 >200 3.12-1.56 12.5-6.25 PP5093

>200 3.12-1.56 100-50  100-50  3.12-1.56 1.56-0.78 PP5094

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5096

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 6.25-3.12 100-50  PP5097

>200 3.12-1.56 >200 100-50  1.56-0.78   25-12.5 378 PP5098

>200   25-12.5 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 50-25 PP5099

100-50  50-25 100-50  100-50  50-25 >200 PP5100

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5101

>200 200-100 >200 >200 100-50  >200 PP5102

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 50-25 PP5103

>200   25-12.5 >200 >200   25-12.5 >200 PP5104

>200 3.12-1.56 >200 50-25 1.56-0.78 12.5-6.25 376 PP5105

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5106

>200 12.5-6.25   25-12.5   25-12.5 6.25-3.12   25-12.5 105 PP5107

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 100-50  6.25-3.12   25-12.5 PP5108

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 12.5-6.25   25-12.5 PP5109

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 6.25-3.12   25-12.5 PP5110

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5111

>200 >200 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 >200 PP5112

100-50  >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 109.3 PP5113

100-50  >200 200-100 50-25 6.25-3.12 >200 56.2 PP5114

200-100 200-100 >200 50-25 6.25-3.12 >200 54.3 PP5115

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5116

>200 6.25-3.12 >200 200-100 3.12-1.56 100-50  373 PP5117

>200 6.25-3.12 200-100 100-50  3.12-1.56 100-50  282 PP5118

>200 >200 >200 >200 200-100 >200 PP5119

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5120

>200 >200 >200 >200 50-25 >200 589 PP5121

>200 6.25-3.12   25-12.5   25-12.5 3.12-1.56 50-25 297 PP5122

>200 6.25-3.12 >200 200-100 3.12-1.56 200-100 297 PP5123

200-100 >200 >200 >200 50-25 >200 PP5124

>200 3.12-1.56 100-50  50-25 3.12-1.56 12.5-6.25 PP5125

>200 12.5-6.25 100-50  200-100   25-12.5 12.5-6.25 PP5126

>200 6.25-3.12 100-50  200-100 12.5-6.25 6.25-3.12 PP5127

>200 >200 >200 100-50  50-25 >200 PP5128

>200 200-100 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 >200 PP5129

>200 6.25-3.12 >200 100-50  6.25-3.12 6.25-3.12 PP5130

>200 12.5-6.25 >200 >200 12.5-6.25 12.5-6.25 PP5131

>200 100-50  >200 >200 50-25 >200 PP5132

6.25-3.12   25-12.5 3.12-1.56 3.12-1.56 1.56-0.78 100-50  PP5133

  25-12.5 12.5-6.25 6.25-3.12 6.25-3.12 6.25-3.12 12.5-6.25 PP5134

100-50    25-12.5   25-12.5   25-12.5 12.5-6.25 50-25 32.4 PP5135

>200 12.5-6.25 200-100 200-100 3.12-1.56 >200 PP5136

12.5-6.25 12.5-6.25 200-100 >200 12.5-6.25 12.5-6.25 PP5137

>100 >100 >100 >100 100-50  >100 PP5138

>200 >200 >200 >200 >200 >200 PP5139

>100   25-12.5 50-25 50-25 3.12-1.56 >100 193.5 PP5140

>200 >200 >200 100-50  12.5-6.25 >200 PP5145 *Lung cancer cells A549; PA = Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SA = Staphylococcus aureus; SC = Salmonella enterica; EC = Escherichia coli; BA = Bacillus atropheus; and EF = Enterococcus faecalis.

EXAMPLE 3 Potentiation of Clinically Used Antibiotics by Compounds vs. Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Numerous pathogenic bacteria have developed a resistance to many clinically used antibiotics. Following the protocols described herein, various compounds were mixed with clinically used antibiotics to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4 below. These results demonstrate that compounds of the invention are able to potentiate the activity of known antibiotics.

TABLE 3 Activity of known antibiotics alone or in combination with compounds of the invention P. aeruginosa Test Compounds (susceptible clinical isolate) Methicillin >100 Methicillin + PP5027   25-12.5 Methicillin + PP5114   25-12.5 Methicillin + PP5135 6.25-3.12 Methicillin + PP5140 100-50  Penicillin V >100 Penicillin V + PP5027 50-25 Penicillin V + PP5114 50-25 Penicillin V + PP5135   25-12.5 Penicillin V + PP5140 50-25 Vancomycin >100 Vancomycin + PP5027 12.5-6.25 Vancomycin + PP5114   25-12.5 Vancomycin + PP5135 3.12-1.56 Vancomycin + PP5140 100-50 

TABLE 4 Activity of known antibiotics alone or in combination with compounds of the invention (AG = Aminoglycoside) Multi-drug MIC μg/mL Susceptible AG Resistant Resistant Chloramphenicol 50-25 50-25 100-50  Chloramphenicol + PP5027 01.56-0.78  0.2-0.1 100-50  Chloramphenicol + PP5113 3.12-1.56 12.5-6.25 12.5-6.25 Chloramphenicol + PP5114 6.25-3.12 6.25-3.12 12.5-6.25 Chloramphenicol + PP5115 50-25 3.12-1.56 12.5-6.25 Chloramphenicol + PP5121 50-25 50-25 100-50  Norfloxacin 6.25-3.12 1.56-0.78 >100 Norfloxacin + PP5027 3.12-1.56 <0.1 >100 Norfloxacin + PP5113 0.78-0.39 0.78-0.39 >100 Norfloxacin + PP5114 0.78-0.39 0.2-0.1 >100 Norfloxacin + PP5115 6.25-3.12 3.12-1.56 >100 Norfloxacin + PP5121 6.25-3.12 1.56-0.78 >100 Tobramycin 0.39-0.2  12.5-6.25 >100 Tobramycin + PP5027 0.78-0.39 0.2-0.1 >100 Tobramycin + PP5113 <0.1   25-12.5 100-50 Tobramycin + PP5114 <0.1 3.12-1.56 >100 Tobramycin + PP5115 <0.1 3.12-1.56 >100 Tobramycin + PP5121 0.39-0.2  12.5-6.25 >100

EXAMPLE 4 Compounds Retain Activity Against Methicillin Resistant

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial infection resistant to antibiotic methicillin and can no longer be killed by this antiobiotic. Following the protocols described herein, various compounds were used antibiotics to treat Staphylococcus aureus (Methicillin resistant). The results are shown in Table 5 below. These results below demonstrate that compounds of the invention are able to retain activity against Methicillin resistance.

TABLE 5 Activity of compounds against Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus* Staphylococcus aureus (susceptible) (Methicillin resistant) Compound MIC μg/mL Compound MIC μg/mL PP5073 3.12-1.56 PP5073 3.12-1.56 PP5094 3.12-1.56 PP5094 3.12-1.56 PP5098 3.12-1.56 PP5098 6.25-3.12 PP5105 3.12-1.56 PP5105 3.12-1.56 PP5125 3.12-1.56 PP5125 6.25-3.12 *ATCC 700698 

1. A method for potentiating the activity of an antibiotic to inhibit the growth of a bacterium which is resistant to said antibiotic, comprising contacting the bacterium with said antibiotic and a compound having the formula

wherein R₂ is H, OH, OAc, or O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n); R₃ is H, OH, OAc, OSO₃Na, or NH₂; and R₆ is H, NH₂, S(CH₂)_(m)NH₂, I, N₃, SH, lower alkyl, S-alkylguanidyl, O-alkylguanidyl, S-aminoalkyl, O-aminoalkyl, aminoalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring(s), OSO₃Na or N which is mono, di or tri-substituted with alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heterocyclic ring or heterocyclic alkyl, and any of which substituents can be further substituted with N, O or S which can be further substituted with H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, wherein n is from about 1 to about 10, and wherein m is from about 1 about
 10. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein for each of R₂, R₃ and R₆ any one or more of the carbon atoms may be optionally replaced by S, N or O.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bacterium is in a mammal.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the mammal is a human.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula


6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is


7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is


8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is


9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin or Tobramycin.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin.
 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Penicillin.
 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Vancomycin.
 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Chloramphenicol.
 14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Norfloxacin.
 15. The method according to claim 9, wherein the antibiotic is Tobramycin.
 16. The method according to claim 5, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin or Tobramycin.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin.
 18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Penicillin.
 19. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Vancomycin.
 20. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Chloramphenicol.
 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Norfloxacin.
 22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the antibiotic is Tobramycin.
 23. The method according to claim 6, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin or Tobramycin.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin.
 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Penicillin.
 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Vancomycin.
 27. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Chloramphenicol.
 28. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Norfloxacin.
 29. The method according to claim 23, wherein the antibiotic is Tobramycin.
 30. The method according to claim 7, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin or Tobramycin.
 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin.
 32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Penicillin.
 33. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Vancomycin.
 34. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Chloramphenicol.
 35. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Norfloxacin.
 36. The method according to claim 30, wherein the antibiotic is Tobramycin.
 37. The method according to claim 8, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin, Penicillin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin or Tobramycin.
 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Methicillin.
 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Penicillin.
 40. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Vancomycin.
 41. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Chloramphenicol.
 42. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Norfloxacin.
 43. The method according to claim 37, wherein the antibiotic is Tobramycin.
 44. The method according to claim 1, wherein R² and R³ are OH. 